Abstract
This Chapter analyzes the major underlying causes of marine biodiversity loss and focuses specifically on the lessons learnt for transformative ocean governance in the context of area-based management and spatial planning. It illustrates the broad recognition of the vital need for integrative, anticipatory, adaptive and inclusive governance of ocean biodiversity. Fundamentally, however, the Chapter underscores the need for transdisciplinary governance in supporting integration, inclusion and learning in ocean affairs for transformative change. An alternative governance approach is proposed: building on the inter-dependencies between human rights and marine biodiversity, a broader approach to fair and equitable benefit-sharing can support institutionalized shifts towards more transdisciplinary, integrative, inclusive and adaptive governance for the ocean at different scales.